The right of individuals to a private life includes a right not to have personal information about themselves made public. A right to privacy is recognised by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, and in the EU and the Member States of the EU it is recognised by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and is regulated by special regulation.

Use of statistics to predict outcomes.

Source: Geisser, S.: "Predictive Inference: An Introduction", Chapman & Hall, 1993.

Portable Document Format, a file format for representing the layout and appearance of documents on a page independent of the layout software, computer operating system, etc. It is a file format used to present and exchange documents independently of software, hardware or operating systems. An open standard maintained by the International Organisation for Standardisation.  Originally a proprietary format of Adobe Systems, PDF has been an open format since 2008.

Generally understood as technical standards that are free from licensing restrictions. Can also be interpreted to mean standards that are developed in a vendor-neutral manner.

A spatial data infrastructure in which citizens, research institutions, private organizations and other businesses and non-governmental actors are recognized as key stakeholders of the infrastructure and in which public spatial data, but also private and citizen-generated spatial data is freely available to use for citizens, businesses and any other groups, without any restrictions.

Computer software that is available in source code form: the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under an open-source license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software. Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner.

Software for which the source code is available under an open licence. Not only can the software be used for free, but users with the necessary technical skills can inspect the source code, modify it and run their own versions of the code, helping to fix bugs, develop new features, etc. Some large open source software projects have thousands of volunteer contributors.

The practice of science in accordance with open principles, including open access publishing, publication of and collaboration around research data as open data together with associated source code, and use and development of open source data processing tools.

The open movement seeks to work towards solutions of many of the world’s most pressing problems in a spirit of transparency, collaboration, re-use and free access. It encompasses open data, open government, open development, open science and much more. Participatory processes, sharing of knowledge and outputs and open source software are among its key tools. The specific definition of “open” as applied to data, knowledge and content, is set out by the Open Definition.

Standardised public licences available online which allow data and content to be freely accessed, used, modified and shared by anyone for any purpose, and which rely on open data formats. The EU Member States are expected to encourage the use of open licences that should eventually become common practice across the Union.

Source: OD Directive